Simulating and Observing Satellite Threats: A Monitoring-Aware Cyber Range for Satellite Security Training

Authors: Lorenzo Bracciale, Matteo Cicaglione, Alessandro Amici, Fabio Patrone, Nour Badini, Mario Marchese, Andrea Detti, Daniel Xhakalliu, Giuseppe Bianchi, Michele Luglio, Luca Fiscariello, Cesare Roseti, Arianna Miraval and Pierpaolo Loreti

Satellite systems are increasingly targeted by cyber threats, yet training platforms that reproduce realistic space-ground conditions remain limited. OpenSatRange is a domain-specific cyber range designed to support satellite security training through integrated simulation, emulation, and monitoring capabilities. It combines accurate network simulation (NS-3) for orbital and link modeling, low-level emulation of communication links (OpenSAND), and full-stack scenario deployment using containerized sandboxes orchestrated via KYPO and SDN. Unlike generic cyber ranges, OpenSatRange supports both LEO and GEO constellations and enables detailed observability of trainee actions through embedded telemetry, facilitating real-time instructor feedback and post-exercise analysis. We describe the system architecture, deployment workflow, and telemetry design, and present illustrative training scenarios such as broadcast hijacking and insecure ground control that demonstrate the platform’s flexibility and educational impact. The platform enables training that goes beyond binary outcomes, offering visibility into the reasoning processes that lead to success or failure, crucial for effective cybersecurity education in the space domain.